◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys6.dxiong.com)(xys.ebookdiy.com)(xys2.dropin.org)◇◇   一部抄袭之作——评河南大学教授张倩红著《以色列史》   作者:谢礼智   一.引言   最近笔者对以色列史感兴趣,从图书馆借得相关书籍数本,河南大学张倩红 《以色列史》即为其中之一。粗粗翻阅,这本书似乎资料翔实,对事件细节的描 述也相当丰富。但读到第六章“起伏跌宕的岁月”时,总觉得有些似曾相识,便 在读过的另外几本书中翻阅同一内容。终于在【英】阿伦·布雷格曼著、杨军译 的《以色列史》中找到答案。两书叙述六日战争的部分,从行文、叙述顺序、引 用材料、提及的人名来看都极为相似。从网上找到阿伦·布雷格曼《以色列史》 的英文原著进行文本比对,虽然没有全文逐一比对,但就我前后翻查已可完全断 定:张倩红《以色列史》的第六章是抄袭而来。两本书的基本信息如下:张倩红 著,《以色列史》,人民出版社,2008(以下简称“张著”)。Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.(以下简称“原文”)   二.笔者的发现   下面我简要陈述自己的发现:   1.张著的第六章“起伏跌宕的岁月”[张倩红.《以色列史》.人民出版社, 2008.]一共近四十页的内容,基本上直接抄袭自Ahron Bregman《A History of Israel》的第四章“4.The Six-day War and Afterwards,1967-1973”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.] 。张著的抄袭 不是个别处或难以认证的少数注释,而是大规模、大面积的。   2.抄袭是如何判定的?张著的内容和原文的非常相似,张著出版在后,且没 有注明引用。   3.在张著短短两页半的后记中,作者突出为完成约稿的任务而前往以色列的 经历,“非常意外、也非常振奋地接到了人民出版社编辑杨美艳老师的约稿电话, 书名为《以色列史》,时间一年半。为了圆满完成任务,以色列还是要去。”突 出了导师彭树智、钱乘旦的推荐和鼓励,“是他们的推荐与鼓励,给了我承担写 作这本书的机会与信心”。还有更加动人的画面:“我想把这本书送给我不会读 书的父母,他们生前都是面朝黄土背朝天的农民,一辈子也没有走出过那位于秦 岭山下的黄土高坡……他们知道在这个世界上最了不起的人是教书先生……我只 想让这本书传递给他们这样的信息:你们那个体弱多病曾一直担心活不下来的五 女儿如今也成为教书先生,而且自以为教得还不错,这一摞的文字也是她的教学 所获。也许她写的东西会引起批评与非议,但她很执着、很尽心,也很少懈怠自 己。”总而言之,后记中的作者是得到真才实学的学人,在导师、朋友、亲人的 鼓励和帮助下,独立写作了所承担的以色列史。于是,张教授斩断了为自己作任 何辩解的退路。   4.虽说抄袭有铁证,但乍看却又不是立即能发现的,这与张著的抄袭方式有 关——部分删节、跳跃式选择段落摘录、合并段落、拼接、改写、补充材料等等。 张著的抄袭规模太大,假如要把每个地方详细列举,足有近四十页的内容。在这 里只从两书内容分别摘取一二进行比较以证明张著的抄袭,并对张著的抄袭手法 进行分析。   现笔者摘出其中几个有代表性的段落:   段落一:   In the period immediately after the closure of the Straits of Tiran, the Israeli High Command devised a military plan for the occupation of the Gaza Strip. The line of thought behind this strategy was that with the Strip occupied, Israel could use it as a bargaining card to compel Nasser to open the Straits of Tiran. But as the view developed that Nasser would not consider the Gaza Strip sufficiently important to trade it against the opening of the Straits, Israel’s military plans were recast and envisaged a larger military action to relieve the blockade on the Straits and a thrust into the Sinai desert to engage the Egyptian army.[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]   纳赛尔的行动确实引起了极大的震动,美国派出特使前往埃及斡旋,但纳赛 尔拒绝接见。以色列最高指挥部立即制定了占领加沙地带的军事计划,其目的是 以加沙为交换条件换取纳赛尔开放蒂朗海峡,但有人认为,单单一个加沙不足以 使纳赛尔开放蒂朗海峡,因此,以色列方面修改了作战计划,把直取西奈、重创 埃及军队作为重要的目标。[张倩红.以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第282页.]   原文的第一句 “In the period immediately after the closure of the Straits of Tiran,”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]被张著删去,换成了“纳赛尔的行动确实引起了极 大的震动,美国派出特使前往埃及斡旋,但纳赛尔拒绝接见。”[张倩红.以色列 史.人民出版社,2008.第282页.]   原文从 “the Israeli High Command devised a military plan for the occupation of the Gaza Strip……” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]到段落结束则几乎被张著完全照搬。   原文“the line of thought behind this strategy” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]张著改写成“其 目的是”[张倩红.以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第282页.],“隐藏在该策略背 后的想法”的意思没有体现出来;“Israel could use it as a bargaining card” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. 第110页.]张著改写成“交换条件”[张倩红.以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第282 页.],“在谈判中作为一张牌”的意思也没有体现出来;原文 “to relieve the blockade on the Straits” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]在张著中被删去。张著对原文的涂改,目 的是让读者不容易看出抄袭的痕迹,这种涂改的做法在抄袭部分的内容里比比皆 是。   段落二:   “While Eban was on his way to meet President Lyndon Johnson, Israeli citizens were preparing themselves for war. Basements and cellars were cleaned out for use as air-raid shelters, sandbags were filled to line the trenches dug in every garden and school yard, windows were taped and covered in black paper, car headlights were painted blue, parks in every city had been set aside for possible use as mass cemeteries, hotels were cleared of guests so that they could be used as huge emergency first-aid stations. Tel Aviv, the bustling metropolis with its cafes and bars, became a city of women and children, as all men were called up for war service. A sense of isolation and indeed fear of a coming catastrophe descended on Israel and the word ‘Holocaust’ was frequently used. Such was the panic that Holocaust survivors rushed to pharmacies to purchase poison tablets lest they fell into enemy’s hands.”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]   “With tensions mounting and the mood in Israel becoming desperate, there was growing public pressure on Premier and Defence Minister Eshkol to allow Ben-Gurion back into the government either as Premier or Defence Minister. Ben-Gurion himself, in 1967, had already passed his eighty-first birthday and was quite out of touch with the state’s affairs. But he had led Israel through previous crises, notably the 1948 and 1956 wars, and he was not only regarded as a strong and charismatic leader but also as an expert on military affairs, whereas Eshkol was more of a financial expert. The campaign to have Ben-Gurion back in government was run by the ‘old man’s’ chief lieutenant, Shimon Peres, and by Menachem Begin, a long-time political opponent of Ben-Gurion , who showed on this occasion a measure of public spirit . In a face-to-face meeting with the Prime Minister Begin proposed that Eshkol step aside, letting Ben-Gurion take over as Premier in a government in which Eshkol himself served as Deputy Prime Minister. Alternatively, proposed Begin, Eshkol should carry on as Prime Minister and appoint Ben-Gurion as his Defence Minister. But as the relationship between Eshkol and Ben-Gurion was at a low ebb, as a result of past disagreements regarding the Lavon Affair, Eshkol bitterly opposed having his predecessor back in government. ‘These two horses’, Eshkol said to Begin, ‘can no longer pull the same cart.”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. 第111页.]   “第二天,在阿巴·埃班赶往华盛顿的途中,以色列国内的备战气氛已非常 浓烈:地下室已被打扫干净准备预防空袭;公园与学校堆满了沙袋以准备修筑战 壕;汽车的前灯被涂成蓝色,窗户玻璃上已经贴满了深颜色的纸张;宾馆已经清 空,准备作临时急救中心;特拉维夫街头穿梭着要做志愿服务的妇女和儿童;男 子们已经做好了上战场的准备。国家与民族的危难时刻,以色列政府内部有一股 势力强烈请求本—古里安再度出马,虽然他已经度过了81岁的生日,但毕竟是他 带领着这个年轻的国家闯过了1948和1956年的战争危机。在人们的心里,他不仅 是强硬的政治家、出类拔萃的军事家,而且就像一颗高照的福星能为犹太人带来 好运。甚至连那些曾经很不喜欢他的人,此刻也不由自主地想起他。对于艾希科 尔的才能虽然无可厚非,但这些人仍然担心的是这位出色的理财专家并没有独自 面对过如此巨大的战争重压。这股势力的代表人物有:佩雷斯以及古里安的老政 敌——贝京。在一次面对面的会议上,由贝京给艾希科尔提出两个建议:让本— 古里安任总理,艾希科尔退任副总理;或者艾希科尔继续任总理,任命本—古里 安为国防部长。可是,经过了拉冯事件等一系列的风风雨雨之后,本—古里安与 艾希科尔的矛盾已经十分激烈。艾希科尔坚决反对本—古里安重返政府,他无可 奈何地告诉贝京:“这两匹老马已经无法再拉同一辆车啦!”[张倩红.以色列史. 人民出版社,2008.第283页.]   比较上面的段落即可发现,张著的段落几乎是直接将原文翻译成中文,并将 原文的两段合并成一段。   原文第一段从第二句开始描述以色列市民的备战情况,“Basements and cellars were cleaned out for use as air-raid shelters……as all men were called up for war service.” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]张著这部分细节描述和原文的一模一样。 假如分别独立写作,叙述大事件的相似也许偶会发生,如果连细节的描述都一模 一样,那只能成为抄袭的证据了。   原文第一段的最后两句 “A sense of isolation and indeed fear of a coming catastrophe descended on Israel and the word ‘Holocaust’ was frequently used. Such was the panic that Holocaust survivors rushed to pharmacies to purchase poison tablets lest they fell into enemy’s hands.”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003. 第110页.] 在张著中被删除。   原文第二段第一句 “With tensions mounting and the mood in Israel becoming desperate, there was growing public pressure on Premier and Defence Minister Eshkol to allow Ben-Gurion back into the government either as Premier or Defence Minister.”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第111页.]在张著中对应的是“国家与民族 的危难时刻,以色列政府内部有一股势力强烈请求本—古里安再度出马。”[张 倩红.以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第283页.] 原文的意思是要求本古里安回到 政府的压力“来自公众”,而张著句子的意思是来自“政府内部的势力”。 实 际上张著将原文的这一句删除,而将原文的“The campaign to have Ben-Gurion back in government was run by the ‘old man’s’ chief lieutenant,”[A hron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第110页.]一句改写并提前到这个位置。   原文下一句 “Ben-Gurion himself, in 1967, had already passed his eighty-first birthday and was quite out of touch with the state’s affairs. But he had led Israel through previous crises, notably the 1948 and 1956 wars.”[ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第111页.]在张著中对应的是“虽然他已经度过了81岁的生日, 但毕竟是他带领着这个年轻的国家闯过了1948和1956年的战争危机。”[张倩红. 以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第283页.]将原文 “was quite out of touch with the state’s affairs.”删去。删去后句子的意思有所改变。原文的意思 是“虽然他年龄大,而且很长时间远离国家事务,但是他曾带领国家闯过危机, 例如1948和1956年的战争。”张著的意思变成了“虽然他年龄大,但是他曾带领 国家闯过1948和1956年的战争危机。”张著改写后的句子逻辑关系显然不如原文 的强。   张著“而且就像一颗高照的福星能为犹太人带来好运。甚至连那些曾经很不 喜欢他的人,此刻也不由自主地想起他。对于艾希科尔的才能虽然无可厚非,但 这些人仍然担心的是这位出色的理财专家并没有独自面对过如此巨大的战争重 压。”[张倩红.以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第283页.]在原文找不到对应的句 子,是张著所添加。   原文 “who showed on this occasion a measure of public spirit” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第111页.] 在张著里被删除。   原文 “But as the relationship between Eshkol and Ben-Gurion was at a low ebb, as a result of past disagreements regarding the Lavon Affair, Eshkol bitterly opposed having his predecessor back in government.” [ Ahron Bregman. A History of Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. 2003.第111页.]张著对应的是“可是,经过了拉冯事件等一系列的风风雨雨之后, 本—古里安与艾希科尔的矛盾已经十分激烈。艾希科尔坚决反对本—古里安重返 政府。”[张倩红.以色列史.人民出版社,2008.第283页.]张著将 “past disagreements” 改写成“风风雨雨”,将 “at a low ebb”改写成“矛盾已 经十分激烈”。意思有所不同。这样是否就不算抄袭?大概连小学生也骗不过吧。   三.结语   目前,这是唯一的中国人所著的以色列史,作者张倩红教授在学界颇有名望, 出版社是人民出版社。从上面的举证可以看出,张倩红的《以色列史》中存在抄 袭。国内学术界情况如何?由此可见一斑。 (XYS20120731) ◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys6.dxiong.com)(xys.ebookdiy.com)(xys2.dropin.org)◇◇