◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)◇◇ 极端环保主义是人类公敌 文/桓二心   一个月前,我在一篇题为《看过〈提请依法公示怒江水电环评报告〉之后》的文章 中,曾经说过,在圆明园事件闹得最厉害的时候,我差点写了一篇文章,题目叫做《伪 环保是邪教》,后来因为这样的说法太愤激,又一定会被人说成是用政治帽子压人,这 篇文章就没有写出来。   现在在新语丝上看到署名为“科学环保”的网友写的《美国最大的威胁来自于极端 环保主义和极端动物保护主义?》的文章(XYS20051006),提到美国联邦调查局(FBI) 认为,美国目前面临的最大威胁并非来自于恐怖主义,而是来自于极端环境保护主义和 极端动物保护主义,不禁大感兴趣,就上网查了一下。在google中搜入FBI和 eco-militants(可以译为极端环保人士)进行搜索,果然搜出了不少结果。这时才发 现,这其实已经是旧闻了,这个说法首先出现于FBI的反恐司副助理司长约翰·刘易斯 在5月18日向参议院环境保护和公共工程委员会做的报告中,随即被世界各大媒体(包 括中国的新华社)报道,但不知为何,当时并没有在国内引起波澜(也许是大家的注意 力都被圆明园事件吸引过去了?)。下面我只就英国《独立报》5月20日的报道进行评 论(该报道的一个转载,见 http://www.rumormillnews.com/cgi-bin/forum.cgi?noframes;read=71707)。在评论 之前,先把这则报道翻译出来(因本人英语水平有限,有些地方可能译得不太准确,在 引用前,请与原文核对): FBI警告:极端环保人士是最大的恐怖主义威胁 作者:大卫·厄斯本(纽约) (独立报2005年5月20日星期五消息)美国联邦调查局(FBI)新近发出了一个令人意外 的警告,认为环保主义和动物权利主义极端人士是现在美国最大的恐怖主义威胁,他们 正越来越多地使用纵火工具袭击从住宅小区、科研实验室到汽车经销处的各种目标。   FBI的反恐局副助理局长约翰·刘易斯在向华盛顿的一个参议院委员会做的报告中 称,这些极端环保人士团体正用“让人明显觉得不可思议”的方式制造经济破坏。他并 指出,恐怕用不了多久,这些人的罪行纪录中就该出现杀人的罪行了。“除了他们,这 个国家再没有别人在过去的几年里制造了数目如此众多的暴力犯罪和恐怖行为。”刘易 斯对参议员说。不过这番话也使委员会里的一些民主党人提醒说,不应该把所有的环保 主义和动物权利主义组织都看成是这种恐怖团体。   众所周知,美国政府首要面对的恐怖主义威胁,是来自像基地这样的境外组织,而 参议院环境保护和公共工程委员会所听到的这个警告,却给出了一个与众不同的说法。 FBI称他们已经调查了150宗罪案,这些罪案是1990年到2004年间、由生态恐怖主义和动 物权利主义极端人士犯下并声称负责的1,200宗罪案的一部分。   在这些组织中,最受政府部门关注的是两个美国团体,“动物解放阵线”(英文缩 写为ALF)和“地球解放阵线”(英文缩写为ELF),但刘易斯还特别指出了一个英国的 名为“停止亨廷顿的动物虐待”(英文缩写为SHAC)的团体。这个组织旨在阻挠亨廷顿 生命科学研究中心的动物实验,并在其网站上自称是一个世界性的组织,在美国也有活 动开展。SHAC称它“并不鼓励、煽动非法行为”。ALF则在其网站上,称它的成员会采 取“直接行动”阻止动物虐待。与ALF联手行动的ELF,是一个更加秘密的组织,它还没 有自己的网站,活动都不公开,仅在有些时候会声称为一些行为负责。   这些组织惯常采用的暴力手段包括纵火、投寄含有剃刀刀片的信件、放置炸弹和占 领办事处。它们因2003年在圣迭戈的公寓楼群纵火,造成了5000万美元(2700万英镑) 的丢失而受到谴责。在这些组织的目标中,有一个目标是对城市扩张的阻挠。本周,警 方谴责了生态斗士在长岛三个地方制造的纵火案,包括一处蔓延到牡蛎湾高级住宅区的 一个新住宅小区中的、怀疑是这些人所为的火情。   委员会主席、俄克拉荷马州共和党人詹姆斯·因霍夫赞成刘易斯认为下一步很可能 是杀人的说法,对警告的预测作了补充。“ELF和ALF的危险性已经逼近了,”他说, “尽管他们还没有杀死谁……但因为他们的犯罪活动而致人死亡,只是一个时间问 题。”而且,就像在有关基地的报道中常常能听到的说法一样,因霍夫催促FBI调查这 些组织的资金来源。   但是对于因霍夫的这个说法,特别是他把像ELF这样的极端团体和完全主流的“人 道对待动物协会”(英文缩写为PETA)相提并论,一些民主党人表示反对。(PETA至多 是偶尔往穿着皮草的模特身上扔颜料罐,但几乎从未被视为是对国家安全的威胁。) “像大多数人一样,听说了这些暴力事件,我感到很悲痛,”新泽西州参议员弗兰克· 劳滕堡说,“但我反对这种泛泛的定性,这样是冤枉了无辜的人,把他们和暴徒们混在 了一起。”   此外,昨天美国民权联盟也声称他们正在控告FBI对政治活动——即使这些活动的 目标是和平的——进行的所谓“监控”,以及总是以本土安全的名义拒绝透露调查信 息。   威廉·科特雷尔,昵称“比利”,是一个物理专业的学生,他因在2003年8月用燃 烧弹袭击一个悍马车经销处并烧毁了125辆SUV车被判处八年监禁。像这样的生态极端人 士,正是FBI所忧虑的。这个23岁的大学毕业生于上个月被判有罪,罪名包括参与了在 洛杉矶制造的一系列的相似的对汽车经销处的袭击,以及在耗油量极大的“油老虎”汽 车上涂鸦,写上像“肥胖、懒惰的美国人”或“我·污染”之类的标语。   科特雷尔并承认,曾在这些车上写过ELF三个字母,这正是“地球解放阵线”的英 文缩写,而这个组织也已声称对底特律、费城和圣迭戈的一系列纵火案负责。ELF的网 站(前文说ELF没有网站,这里又说有,不知何故,姑存疑。——桓注)盛赞了科特雷 尔,称他是一个“环保斗士”,但科特雷尔本人却否认他是这个组织的成员,并在法庭 上,向R.加里·克劳斯纳法官表示他“只想当一名物理学家”,而且以后“再也不胡作 非为了”。   他的辩护律师迈克尔·梅考克说,科特雷尔毕业于芝加哥大学,考取了位于巴萨迪 那市的加州理工学院的博士研究生,很有聪明才智,在他少年时代就已理解了爱因斯坦 的相对论。“我不明白他为什么不再学爱因斯坦,却学起了弗兰肯斯坦。(弗兰肯斯坦 是英国小说家玛丽·雪莱的同名小说中制造怪物的科学家。——桓注)”悍马车经 销处的经营者齐亚特·阿尔哈森说,“我不明白他为什么对速度不感兴趣,却对暴力感 兴趣。”   控方和辩方律师一致认为,科特雷尔患有艾斯伯格综合征,这是一种自闭症,可以 影响到一个人社交的能力。辩方宣称这使科特雷尔在SUV车纵火案中被他的两个在逃的 同伙欺骗利用。但法庭最终赞成控方的意见,认为科特雷尔是一个对他的所作所为没有 任何痛悔之心的环保恐怖主义分子,克劳斯纳法官不仅用“极其可怕”来形容他的长达 两个半小时的犯罪行为,而且判决他赔偿所造成的350万美元(200万英镑)的损失。科 特雷尔的律师已经就此判决提出了上诉。   *  *  *   看完了这样一则报道,我的感觉是,极端环保主义很像邪教,这已经不用再怀疑 了。新闻用了几乎一半的篇幅报导了一个美国研究生威廉·科特雷尔纵火烧车的案件, 我们可以知道,这个学生本身是有心理缺陷的,正因为如此,才被人利用,充当了极端 环保主义的牺牲品,这和某邪教诱使人自焚又有什么区别?   那么,为什么FBI会给出“极端环保人士是最大的恐怖主义威胁”这样一个让人颇 感意外的警告呢?以我的简单分析,我认为这和美国政府加强了对本土恐怖主义的打击 力度有关。当然,美国政府是不会问具体的意识形态的,只要你已经从事(或者将要从 事)恐怖主义活动,不管是原教旨主义的宗教组织,还是极端环保主义分子,一概在打 击之列。   因此,有一点要指出的是,FBI眼中的“极端环保人士”,和我们常说的中国的极 端环保人士或伪环保人士,还不太一样。从今年的种种事件来看,中国的极端环保人士 或伪环保人士,更多只是通过自己的言论来对正常的国家建设进行阻挠,还没有付诸暴 力。在可以预见的将来,这种环保恐怖主义在中国也不会有市场。   但是,我们必须注意另一种形式的“恐怖主义”,即对民众的煽动。中国的极端环 保人士或伪环保人士尽管不会身体力行去搞恐怖主义,暂时也不敢唆使别人去搞恐怖主 义,但他们是会去煽动民众,制造“群体性事件”的。这种“群体性事件”闹起来,对 社会的危害性不亚于恐怖袭击。比如据水博的揭露,范晓、马军、汪永晨等极端环保人 士或或伪环保人士曾经成功地挑起了发生在四川汉源的中国历史上最严重的水电移民冲 突事件,说明这种形式的“恐怖主义”已经不仅仅是一种担心,而是实实在在地发生的 事了。   更讽刺的是,在美国是政府各部门同心反恐,即使是对FBI的提法表示不赞成的民 主党人,也没有否认暴徒的暴行对社会的危害,仅仅是要求把温和的环保团体和这些极 端环保人士区分开来。在中国,却是政府部门(国家环保总局)的官员带头煽动民众, 制造“群体性事件”。今年的“环评风暴”和圆明园事件,都是环保总局某官员一手制 造的,都造成了巨大的经济损失。在政府堕落的情况下,即使没有恐怖活动,对国家和 民众造成的危害,绝对远过于在一个政府正常运转的国家中发生的恐怖活动。   总之,虽然国情不同,但中国其实也已经和美国一样,开始饱受极端环保主义之害 了。至此,我觉得已不必再顾虑什么,完全可以堂堂正正地说,极端环保主义是邪教。 在事实面前,这样的说法,已经不再显得偏激了。而邪教是人类公敌,所以我要说—— 极端环保主义是人类公敌。 2005.10.07 [附文]《独立报》的报道原文: Published on Friday, May 20, 2005 by the Independent/UK Eco-Militants are Greatest Terrorist Threat, Warns FBI by David Usborne in New York The FBI has sounded a new and surprising alarm, suggesting environmental and animal-welfare militants are now the biggest terrorist threat in the US, increasingly using incendiary devices on targets ranging from housing developments and research laboratories to car dealerships. John Lewis, the agency's deputy assistant director for counter-terrorism, told a senate committee in Washington that the militant groups were "way out in front" in economic damage. He also suggested it would not be long before loss of human life was added to their tally of crimes. "There is nothing else going on in this country over the past several years that is racking up the high number of violent crimes and terrorist actions," he told senators, prompting some Democrats on the panel to warn against tagging all environmental and animal rights organizations with the same label. The hearing, held by the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee, was an unusual detour from the US government's more familiar preoccupation with terrorist threats from foreign groups such as al-Qa'ida. The FBI said it has 150 investigations into 1,200 crimes allegedly committed by eco-terrorists and animal welfare militants between 1990 and 2004. Of most interest to the authorities are two US-based groups, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front, (ELF). But Mr Lewis also highlighted the British-based SHAC, or Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty. Founded to cripple animal testing at the Huntingdon Life Sciences laboratory, it describes itself on its website as a worldwide organization also active in the US. SHAC says it "does not encourage or incite illegal activity". On its website, ALF says members take "direct action" to prevent animal cruelty. It has allied itself with the more shadowy ELF, which has no website and stays underground but has sometimes claimed responsibility for actions. Tactics attributed to the groups include arson attacks, letters put in the post with razor-blades, bombings and office takeovers. They were blamed most notably for an arson attack on an apartment complex in San Diego in 2003 that caused $50m (£27m) in damage. Among the groups' aims seems to be the discouragement of urban sprawl. This week, police were blaming eco-terrorists for blazes at three places on Long Island, including a suspicious fire that swept through a new housing development in the exclusive Oyster Bay community. The chairman of the senate committee, the Republican James Inhofe of Oklahoma, added to the sense of alarm, agreeing with Mr Lewis that killings might be next. "The danger of ELF and ALF is imminent," he said. "Although they have not killed anyone ... it is only a matter of time until someone dies as a result of ELF and ALF criminal activity." And evoking language more normally heard in connection with al-Qa'ida, Senator Inhofe urged the FBI to seek out the money pipeline funding the groups. But there were objections from Democrats to some of the testimony and particularly to Senator Inhofe managing to mention the militant groups such as ELF and the thoroughly mainstream PETA, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, in the same breath. (PETA may throw the occasional pot of paint at fur-sporting models, but has hardly been labeled a threat to national security.) "I deplore as much as anybody here these violent acts," Senator Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey said. "But I am against this loose characterization that takes innocent people and throws them in with a bunch of thugs." Separately yesterday, the American Civil Liberties Union announced that it was suing the FBI for allegedly "over-spying" on political activists, even if their aims were peaceful, and refusing to release information about investigations, all in the name of homeland security. William, or "Billy", Cottrell, a physics student who was sentenced to eight years in prison for firebombing a Hummer dealership and damaging 125 SUVs in August 2003, is exactly the kind of eco-militant the FBI is worried about. The 23-year-old graduate student was found guilty last month of helping to destroy car dealerships, in a series of co-ordinated attacks around Los Angeles, spray-painting the "gas-guzzling" vehicles with slogans such as "Fat, Lazy Americans" and "I * pollution". Cottrell also admitted to tagging the vehicles with the letters ELF, the initials of radical group, the Earth Liberation Front, which has claimed responsibility for a string of arsons in Detroit, Philadelphia and San Diego. The ELF website lauds Cottrell as an "environmental campaigner"; he denies he is a member of the group and, while standing trial, told Judge R Gary Klausner he wanted "nothing more than to be a physicist" and was never "even going to jaywalk again". His defense lawyer, Michael Maycock, said Cottrell, a student at the University of Chicago and a doctoral candidate at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, was highly intelligent and had read Einstein's theory of relativity in his early teens. "I can't understand why he changed from Einstein to Frankenstein," said Ziad Alhassen, owner of the Hummer dealership. "I don't understand why he changed from velocity to violence." Defense and prosecution experts agreed Cottrell suffered from Asperger's syndrome, a form of autism that affects a person's capacity for social interaction. His defense team claimed the condition led Cottrell to be duped into the SUV attacks by his two associates, who are both considered to be fugitive activists. But the court eventually agreed with the prosecution that Cottrell was an eco-terrorist who showed no remorse for the damage he had done. His two-and-a-half hour crime spree was described as "horrendous" by Judge Klausner, who ordered him to pay $3.5m (£2m) in damages. Cottrell's lawyers have launched an appeal against the conviction. 又:《新京报》的报道,可以参见雅虎新闻的转载: http://cn.news.yahoo.com/050519/1340/2bzm4.html (XYS20051007) ◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys.dxiong.com)(xys.3322.org)(xys.dyndns.info)◇◇