◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)◇◇   也谈东北师范大学外国语学院李增院长的学术造假   作者:汪雨   日前,看到新语丝上《东北师范大学外国语学院院长李增恶意一稿多投及涉 嫌剽窃》一文心头悲喜交加。喜的是终于有人站出来揭露李增的学术造假行为, 悲的是该文所述情况才只是冰山一角,难道我们今天在揭露学术造假问题上还要 遵循早就被鲁迅先生批判过的“费厄泼赖”?   大多数人会同意“李增恶意一稿多投”的观点,因为李增教授于2002年发表 的《19世纪英国小说中人物的阶级地位与气味的关系》和《气味与人物的阶级属 性_英国19世纪60年代小说中一种特有现象的分析》两篇文章根本就是一篇文章 的改头换面。但我们应该明确,一稿多投的本质乃是通过造假骗取学术资本的行 为。   但是对于“涉嫌剽窃”实在不敢苟同。何谓“涉嫌”?剽窃就是剽窃,难道 仅仅因为Janice Carlisle于2001年发表的文章《THE SMELL OF CLASS : BRITISH NOVELS OF THE 1860s》(阶级的气味—19世纪60年代英国小说)是英 文撰写就只能是“涉嫌”?如此这样,即使狄更斯本人来中国主张其《双城记》 的中文版著作权益岂不也只能是无头悬案?   其实,只要将李增教授的文章和Janice Carlisle的文章稍做对比,其中奥 妙就会不言自明(对照内容附文后)。纵观李增教授的两篇文章,成段落、数千 字的剽窃,可谓明目张胆、劣迹斑斑,如此这种连一个大学四年级英语专业的学 生都能分辨出的事实怎么还只是“涉嫌”?   更恶劣的是,李增教授的《气味与人物的阶级属性_英国19世纪60年代小说 中一种特有现象的分析》(2002年发表于东北师范大学学报,原文有基金项目标 识)一文竟然作为教育部人文社会科学研究“十五”规划项目[ 01JA750147 - 99007 ]课题阶段性成果,公然骗取教育部社科基金。两篇内容一样的文章为何 只有一篇作为教育部社科基金项目的阶段性成果?想必李增教授也心虚,如果两 篇内容一样的文章都作为阶段性成果的话,万一难逃评审们的法眼岂不是弄巧成 拙?在此,强烈建议《外国语》和《东北师范大学学报》给予撤稿,建议教育部 追回社科基金。当然,以上单位如果认为李增教授能在最短时间内将国外的学术 成果“引入”国内而居功至伟,就大可不必大费周章了,相反应该对李增教授的 行为给予奖励和表彰。   几个月前,我们学院开始2009年硕士研究生的保研。公布出的公示名单令同 学们瞠目结舌。名次排在后面的人金榜题名,而相当一部分成绩明显好于他人的 同学却名落孙山。当然,个别成绩突出优秀的同学后来经过“告状”的途径又被 保送,以至于实际保研名额与当初公布的数字翻了一倍,而相当一批同学却因为 告状无门而甘拜下风。这种事情在我们学院已经不是第一次发生了,对于这位学 术无品、教育无德的院长教授我们还能给予什么希望?在这位院长的治下再发生 什么离奇事情同学们都会见怪不怪了。   最后,祝愿同学们,能够在一月份的考研中取得好成绩,能够尽快找到满意 的工作,快一点离开东北师范大学这所211大学,快一点离开外国语学院这个度 过了四年时光的学院。   附:文章对比情况   李“19 世纪小说家对气味的兴趣从40 年代开始就已经表现出来。那一时期 出版的小说常常弥漫着浓浓的气味。这里有穷人身上发出的恶臭气味,有疾病和 死亡所发出的腐臭气味。最令人难忘的要数伊丽莎白·盖斯凯尔夫人的《玛丽· 巴顿》(1848)一书中那段对地下室恶臭气味的描写,令读者都感到窒息。” (132字)   Carlisle“Almost entirely absent is the stench of the poor that is typical of fiction of the 1840s, the odor associated with disease and death, the most memorable instance of which is the suffocating stink in the Davenports’ cellar in Elizabeth Gaskell’s Mary Barton (1848), a “smell . . . so fetid as almost to knock [a man] down” (66; ch. 6).” (原文第2页中间)   李“还有个更触目惊心的例子,在查尔斯·金斯理的小说《依斯特》里,当 女主人公去护理一位高烧的病人时,她平生第一次遇到了一个“异味恶魔”,后 来也正是这个“恶魔”将其折磨至死。”(83字)   Carlisle“more emphatic still is the “scent-fiend” that haunts and actually kills the heroine of Charles Kingsley’s Yeast (1848) after she first encounters it when nursing a fever patient (172; ch. 16) ”(原文第2页中间)   李“到了 19 世纪60 年代,虽然小说中的气味从浓烈变成了清淡,”(26 字)   Carlisle“The relatively attenuated smells in the fiction of the 1860s” (原文第2页中间)   李“比如,《弗洛斯河上的磨房》中的叙述人讲到一种新的生活方式(“剥 削”)正在全面侵入“英国广泛的、艰辛的民族生活”时,她仅仅只说了一句话: “那些略有异味且震耳欲聋的工厂”(3)”(86字)   Carlisle“when the narrator of The Mill on the Floss describes the deprivations felt by the multitudes participating in Britain’s “wide and arduous national life,” she does so by referring to “unfragrant deafening factories” (255; bk. 4, ch. 3) ” (原文第2页中间)   李“乔治?艾略特的《菲利克斯·霍尔特》(1866)和《弗洛斯河上的磨房》 (1860)、查尔斯?狄更斯的《远大前程》(1861)和《我们共同的朋友》 (1865)、安东尼?特洛普的《布郎、琼斯和鲁宾逊之间的争斗》(1861)和伊 丽莎·琳·林顿的《知难而上》(1865)等无疑是气味描写最见功力的小说。这 些小说尽管立意不同,然而在唤起读者对气味的联想、在确立人物的气味与其阶 级属性的关系这一点上,他们的做法却惊人地相似。”(187字,)   是对Carlisle原文第二段的摘译   李“艾略特的小说《菲利克斯·霍尔特》里面有一段典型的、精彩的关于人 物与气味关系的描写。有一次霍尔特拜访里昂先生,他注意到在里昂先生的起居 室里有两种与其死气沉沉的气氛格格不入的气味,淡淡的干玫瑰叶香气和蜂蜡香 气。因担心霍尔特会谴责他的奢侈,里昂先生连忙解释说这是他花女儿爱瑟的钱 买的,目的是驱赶女儿所讨厌的羊脂味。在这一章里,爱瑟与玫瑰香气的联系似 乎并不明显。”(177字)   Carlisle“Mr. Lyon’s sitting room contains “certain things” that are “incongruous” with its “general air” of “privation,” among them the “delicate scent of dried rose-leaves” and awax candle. Lyon, embarrassed by what he takes to be Felix Holt’s unspoken criticism of such indulgence, explains to his visitor, “You are doubtless amazed to see me with awax-light . . . but this undue luxury is paid for with the earnings of my daughter, who is so delicately framed that the smell of tallow is loathsome to her” (Eliot 53–54; ch. 5).1 Esther’s association with the scent of roses is quite unremarkable:”(原文第一段开头)   李“在下一章中,叙事者把爱瑟对气味的强烈反应解释成是因感受性的细致 微妙所致,她那“独特的条理性”使其对“最轻微的举止、对最微妙的语音和语 调”的差异都能作出反应。对于鉴赏颜色、气味、质地和行为,她都有自己独特 的准则,而且她运用这些准则悄悄地评价“一切人和事”[2:68]。这种用气味 来衡量他人、待人接物的方式和准则听起来似乎有些极端,然而,它却是艾略特 赋予爱瑟的一种特别品质(也暗示出爱瑟高贵的出身),这种品质蕴藏着一种想 要评判一切的本能冲动,而这种冲动正是维多利亚时代的小说共有的一种特征。” (240字)   Carlisle“One chapter later the narrator explains that the intensity of Esther’s olfactory responses results from the refinement of her sensibilities: her “exceptional organization” makes her “alive to the finest shades of manner, to the nicest distinctions of tone and accent; she had a little code of herownabout scents and colours, textures and behaviour, by which she secretly condemned or sanctioned all things and persons” (68; ch. 6). While George Eliot represents such fastidiousness as peculiar to Esther, who has been raised in ignorance of her genteel birth, the impulse to subject “all things and persons” to such tests is a characteristic that Victorian fiction shares with her. ”(原文第一段尾)   李“带着为了了解气味、了解那些被描写得栩栩如生的发出气味的物体的目 的去读这部小说,就会充分理解这整个时期的小说中通常在字里行间并未言说出 来的东西。上面引文的与众不同之处在于它通过刻画人物对气味的评价完成了对 人物形象的塑造。这类对感官印象描写常常出现在这一时期的小说中,遗憾的是 它却常常受人忽视。更令人遗憾的是很少有人注意并研究小说中的气味与人物阶 级属性的关系。”(177字)   Carlisle“To read this fiction for its smells, for objects or bodies explicitly described as giving off odors, is, frankly, to make much of what these novels typically make quite little. The passage from Felix Holt cited above is unusual in that it portrays a character commenting at some length on an odor, a sense impression that more often appears in these works as simply unremarkable. ”(原文第2页第二 段开头)   李“在维多利亚时代的小说里,人们一般习惯于将出身、职业、收入、遗产、 举止、教养,甚至是信仰和政治倾向视为阶级划分的基础。其中,最重要的核心 因素是一个人物的收入来源。如果是中产阶级妇女,则要看她父亲或丈夫的生计 来源。也就是说工作(或收入多寡)是确定一个人阶级地位的最重要标准。要了 解人物的工作与其阶级属性的对等关系的意义,我们不仅要分析一般小说中有关 多种气味的描写,而且还要进一步探讨在特定的文本中气味与阶级属性的关系。” (207字)   Carlisle“Victorians alternately chose to focus on birth, occupation, the level of one’s income, inherited wealth, manners and training, even religion or politics4 — the central determinant of class in novels of the 1860s is the source of a character’s income or, in the case of middle-class women, the sources of their fathers’ and husbands’ livelihoods. Understanding the implications of this equation of class and work requires not only analysis of the smells represented in a wide range of novels — a list of the dozens of examples surveyed here appears at the beginning of the Works Cited— but also a closer look at the relation between smells and class in particular texts—”(原文第3页第二段中间)   李“19 世纪60 年代的小说中没有哪一种气味不与某一特定的阶级地位相联 系。这些气味要么从人物的身上发出,要么从人物的工作中发出。气味为周围的 人所察觉,并暗示着人物的阶级属性,因为气味也同阶级一样是人们地位不平等 的一个标志,它们构成了语言难以表达的一种现实。维多利亚时代的人们把20 世纪动物学家、文化人类学家和心理物理学家的研究发现视为常识:经过大脑最 原始部分的处理,气味作为感觉与其说与思维有关,不如说是与情感有关。鼻子 本能地对刺激作出反应,就像食品腐臭会提醒人们远离它们一样。因为在所谓的 化学性感官中,嗅觉比视觉或听觉似乎更具有物质性[3]。它和所谓的更高层的 大脑功能——语言没什么关系。嗅觉常常被认为是最低等的感觉,而且又是一个 最缺乏自己表达符号的感觉,它不能像其它感觉一样用自己的符号去发挥功能, 比如说,红和蓝就属视觉领域的符号,而气味要靠其来源确定其特征:它闻上去 像一朵玫瑰;或靠类比:它闻上去像玫瑰花香。现代语言词汇的贫乏使人们除了 将气味形容为好闻和不好闻之外,再很难对气味作出具体的分类和描述。气味记 录着一个人的感官的体验和文化背景。一种物体总是发出同一类化学物质的气味, 但不同文化背景的人对之可能作出不同的反应,正如不同文化背景的人对奶酪气 味会作出不同的反应那样。对于维多利亚时代的读者来说,他们认定阶级属性是 一种神授,它与生俱来就带有一种气味,因此气味也就成为最合适、最明显的、 无声的阶级属性记录器。作为内心对物质文化的一种反应,气味形成了自己的一 套“规则”。其含义不言自明。”(636字)   Carlisle“THERE ARENOSMELLS evoked in the novels of the 1860s that are not linked to the specific class positions of either those who emit them or those who perceive them.5 Smells indicate class because they share with it qualities that Victorians often attributed to categories that codify inequality: smells, like class, are taken to be material and instinctive. As such, they seem to constitute a reality beyond words. Victorians accepted as common sense the findings offered by the twentieth-century research of zoologists, cultural anthropologists, and psychophysicists. Processed by the primitive parts of the brain, smell as a sensation, such experts assert, has less to do with thought than with feeling (Stoddart 244–45, Vroon 13). Noses respond as if instinctively to stimuli, as, for example, when a whiff warns one away from the dangers of rancid food. As one of the two so-called chemical senses, smell seems more inescapably material in its origins and effects than are either sight or hearing (Stoddart 45–48). Dissociated from the so-called higher brain functions involved in the use of language, smell, often conceived of as the lowliest of the senses, is also the one that most obviously lacks a vocabulary of its own—it has no words that function as do, for instance, red or blue in the realm of visuality (Miller 67; Vroon 13, 46–48). Smells are either labeled in relation to their source — it smells like a rose — or by analogy — it smells like a rose. The relative linguistic poverty typical of modern Western discursive treatments of smell is matched by the futility of attempts to categorize odors except through what seems to be a primitive, hedonic distinction that reduces them to either pleasing or unpleasing, good or bad. Smell is also the register in which the cultural construction of sense experience is most evident: presumably an object always gives off the same chemicals that cause its distinctive odor although they are evaluated in greatly varying ways at different times and in different places, as the dissimilar cultural responses to cheese or rotten eggs, for instance, clearly prove (Engen 83–86; Classen, ch. 3). For Victorian readers, who often assumed that class was a divinely ordained and thereforemoral order of material relations, as natural and unavoidable as instinct, smell was its obvious and appropriate register, one whose meanings needed no articulation. ”(原文第3-4页整 个一段的翻译)   如此种种,不再详述。   李“气味之所以能够用来划分阶级属性还在于:……”(53字)   Carlisle“Smell is also a particularly apt register in which to chart class because, ……”(原文第4页第二段开头)   李“在19 世纪60 年代的小说中某些人和物体“没有”气味这一事实,……” (114字)   Carlisle“Thus, the fact that certain objects or characters in the fiction ……”(接上边隔两行)   李“按照佩奇?费兰(Peggy Phelan)的说法,建立在可见性和权力不平等 基础上的文化都是“隐形”的[4]。……”(178字)   Carlisle“According to Phelan, any culture based on inequalities of both visibility and power renders invisible—representationally unmarked—the qualities or phenomena that it invests with value (ch. 1). ……”(接上边隔两行,略做了删节)   李“在《菲利克斯?霍尔特》一书里,读者嗅到的……”(190字)   Carlisle“What one smells in this fiction is not the presumablysubtle and pleasing aroma given off by such cleanly gentlemen as Herbert Pocket, ……”(原文第5页第一段第三行始)   李“当小说中的人物和读者去体验气味时,……”(106字)   Carlisle“when charactersand readers of these novels are invited to experience odors, ……”(原文同页同段空三行)   李“这一时期的小说中大部分关于气味的描写都有一个稳定的源泉,这源泉 就是中产阶级……”(346字)   Carlisle“the greatest number of olfactory representations in the fiction of the 1860s have a very consistent source: they emanate from the work done by members of the lower-middle classes and of what it is tempting to call, ……”(原文第5页第二段开头第二个句子始)   李“工作、阶级、气味他们之间相互界定的关系也在对与中产阶级妇女相连 的气味描写中得到印证。……”(283字)   Carlisle“The mutually defining relation of work, class, and smell is confirmed, surprisingly enough, ……”(原文第六页第二段开头)   李“相反,《远大前程》中的埃斯特拉从来没有沾上花香,这暗示埃斯特拉 根本无情欲诱惑力而言,……”(57字)   Carlisle“The fact that Estella in Great Expectations is never made fragrant by flowers ……”(原文紧接上边)   李“与此相反,上层社会的妇女或下层社会的妇女的周围却没有这种香气环 绕。……”(88字)   Carlisle“By contrast, women at either extreme of the social scale are marked ……”(原文第6页第三段开头)   李“梅瑞狄斯的小说《英格兰的伊米莉亚》中的女主角伊米莉亚被她的中产 阶级追求者发现……”(194字)   Carlisle“Emilia — the title character of Meredith’s Emilia in England, an impoverished, half-Italian, half-English cantatrice —……” (紧接上边,对原文略做了删节)   李“在《菲利克斯·霍尔特》一书里,当菲利克斯?霍尔特第一次看见爱瑟? 里昂走入房间时,……”(235字)   Carlisle“When Felix Holt first sees her enter a room, his nose allows him to perceive her as eligible: “A very delicate scent, ……” (原文第7页第一段)   李“那个时期的作家,无论是男性还是女性,大都从中产阶级的男性视角来 审视女性的生活。……”(157字)   Carlisle“Novels by male and female authors alike, therefore, embody a middle-class, male perspective on women by marking them according to their reproductive potential, ……”(原文第7页第二段开头)   李“中产阶级女性用她们的身体生儿育女,她们身体花香之气吸引着那些想 要成为父亲的男人。……”(96字)   Carlisle“Because middle-class women use their bodies to produce children, ……”(原文第7页第二段尾)   李“这一时期的小说除了对人物的工作(职业)发出的气味及其与阶级属性 的关系投入大量的篇幅之外,……”(287字)   Carlisle“Just such an idealization is evident in another category of smells that recur in these novels, ……”(原文第9页第二段开头)   李“这时期的小说中店主和工匠多数吃得不错,而且他们肥大的手上总是残 留着他们吃过   的东西的气味。……”(379字)   Carlisle“The shopkeepers and artisans in these novels are all remarkably well fed, and their hands are often fat with the effects of what they have ingested. ……”(原文第9页第三段,略有删节) (XYS20081208) ◇◇新语丝(www.xys.org)(xys3.dxiong.com)(www.xysforum.org)(xys2.dropin.org)◇◇