【新语丝电子文库(www.xys.org)(www.xys2.org)】 ———————————————— 先给吴柏林博士布置两道作业 ·方舟子· 《中华读书报》2000年11月15日刊载《人体革命》一书的作者吴柏林的 文章《究竟谁“虚妄”——驳方舟子〈虚妄的“人体革命”〉》,里面谬误 太多,我将另文一一驳斥之。既然吴博士也在读新语丝网站,我就先在这里 给他布置两道作业,否则要反过来指责我多处犯了“常识性错误”,自己却 不具有基础知识,恼羞成怒、破口大骂之态固然可爱,读者却未必能有什么 收获。对吴博士交来的作业,我保证一字不漏地登出。 第一道作业,就是请吴博士先去驳斥《大不列颠百科全书》犯了“常识 性错误”,因为我那段关于人类胚胎性别决定的常识性说明,吴博士虽然以 为是“咄咄怪事”,却在《大不列颠百科全书》(网络版)中都能找到相应 的说法: “人类性别决定是一个基本上决定于受精卵是否存在Y染色体的遗传过程。 该染色体刺激未分化的性腺转变成男性性腺(睾丸)。Y染色体对性腺的作用 是通过一个位于着丝粒(我直译为‘中心粒’)附近的基因调控的;该基因编码 生产一种被称为H-Y抗原的细胞表面分子。与男性有关的内、外解剖结构的进一 步分化,则是受睾丸生产的激素的控制。一个个体的性别能被认为有三层含义: 染色体性别、性腺性别和解剖性别。这三者,特别是后二者的不一致,将导致 个体发育出模糊的性别,通常称之为两性人……有趣的是,在不存在男性性腺 (睾丸)时,内、外性解剖结构总是女性的,甚至在不存在卵巢时也是如此。 当然,一个没有卵巢的女性将是不育的,在青春期时将不会经历正常女性的 任何变化。这样的女性通常有Turner综合症。”(Human sex determination is a genetic process that depends basically on the presence of the Y chromosome in the fertilized egg. This chromosome stimulates a change in the undifferentiated gonad into that of the male (a testicle). The gonadal action of the Y chromosome is mediated by a gene located near the centromere; this gene codes for the production of a cell surface molecule called the H-Y antigen. Further development of the anatomic structures, both internal and external, that are associated with maleness is controlled by hormones produced by the testicle. The sex of an individual can be thought of in three different contexts: chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and anatomic sex. Discrepancies among these, especially the latter two, result in the development of individuals with ambiguous sex, often called hermaphrodites. The phenomenon of homosexuality is of uncertain cause and is unrelated to the above sex-determining factors. It is of interest that in the absence of a male gonad (testicle) the internal and external sex anatomy is always female, even in the absence of a female ovary. A female without ovaries will, of course, be infertile and will not experience any of the female developmental changes normally associated with puberty. Such a female will often have Turner's syndrome. ----“genetics, human”) “在胚胎的早期,既无睾丸也无卵巢,而仅有两个未分化的器官(性腺) 能发育成睾丸或卵巢。如果胚胎有一个Y染色体,性腺将发育成睾丸;否则, 它们发育成卵巢。胎儿的睾丸生产雄性激素,促使胎儿发育出男性解剖结构。 如果睾丸不存在,将导致女性解剖结构的发育。动物实验表明,如果将雄性 胎儿的睾丸摘除,该个体将发育成看来是个雌性(虽然缺少卵巢)。因此, 人类被称为基本上是女性的。”(In early embryonic life there are neither testicles nor ovaries but simply two undifferentiated organs (gonads) that can develop either into testicles or ovaries. If the embryo has a Y-chromosome, the gonads become testicles; otherwise, they become ovaries. The testicles of the fetus produce androgens, and these cause the fetus to develop male anatomy. The absence of testicles results in the development of female anatomy. Animal experiments show that, if the testicles of a male fetus are removed, the individual will develop into what seems a female (although lacking ovaries). Consequently, it has been said that humans are basically female.------“sexual behaviour, human”) 第二道作业,是请吴博士提供他那本书中的种种奇谈怪论的原始出处。我在 批评《人体革命》充斥常识性错误的同时,也批评它大多根据二、三手的中文报 道,可靠性很低,甚至是伪科学的宣传。对后者,吴博士却避而不答。特别是那 只在金字塔里冬眠了四千年的猫的故事,吴博士很有必要给读者一个说明,以证 明这个违背生物学常识的“奇迹”绝非虚妄: “大自然每时每刻都在创造着奇迹,而这些奇迹又会给人类以某种昭示。 一只冬眠的猫,静静地蜷伏在古埃及法老的陵墓里。陵墓的温度相当低, 它舒坦地躺在那里,生命对它来说似乎已处于停滞状态--低温下的停滞。 作为‘百年过客’的人,在陵墓外已匆匆走过了一百多代,而那头低温 条件下冬眠的猫却依然故我。 冬眠的猫足足为逝去的法老守灵了4000个年头。 20世纪80年代,考古工作者发掘陵墓的巨大声响,传进了蜷伏在那里的 猫的耳膜。一声,二声,三声,……响声越来越大,响声越来越近,蜷伏的 猫渐渐睁开了那久闭的眼,身体也微微动弹了一下。 为法老‘守灵’4000年的猫竟然还活着,而且活得很健康。 奇迹,真正的奇迹。”(第296页) 2000.11.16. (《究竟谁“虚妄”——驳方舟子〈虚妄的“人体革命”〉》一文见: http://www.gmw.com.cn/0_ds/2000/20001115/gb/2000^326^0^DS2309.htm) ———————————————— 【新语丝电子文库(www.xys.org)(www.xys2.org)】